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Albert Chavannes (February 23, 1836 – May 3, 1903) was a Swiss-born American author, philosopher, and sociologist, active primarily in the late 19th century. He is best known for his two utopian novels, ''The Future Commonwealth'' and ''In Brighter Climes'', which discuss a fictional futuristic society, "Socioland," where the economy is governed by socialist ideals rather than capitalism, and where morality is based on social scientific experimentation, rather than traditional religion.〔Francine Cary, "Albert Chavannes and the Future Commonwealth: The Utopian Novelist As Social Critic," East Tennessee Historical Society ''Publications'', Vol. 48 (1976), pp. 71-84.〕 Chavannes was also one of the earliest social theorists to extensively discuss exchange theory,〔Russell Cropanzano and Deborah Rupp, "(Social Exchange Theory and Organizational Justice )," ''Justice, Morality, and Social Responsibility'' (Information Age Publishing, 2008), pp. 69-71.〕 and his ideas on "magnetism" influenced writers such as John William Lloyd and Ida C. Craddock.〔Leigh Eric Schmidt, ''(Heaven's Bride: The Unprintable Life of Ida C. Craddock )'' (New York: Basic Books, 2010), pp. 148, 154.〕 ==Life== Chavannes was born in Lausanne, Switzerland, one of six children of the Reverend Adrian Chavannes and his wife, Anna Francillon.〔 In 1848, the Chavanneses migrated to East Tennessee, which had been advertised as having ample farmland and a climate similar to that of Switzerland.〔 The family initially settled in Wartburg, Tennessee, atop the Cumberland Plateau, but finding the land unsuitable for farming, soon afterward moved to northern Knox County.〔 By 1855, the Chavanneses had been joined by several other French-speaking Swiss families, comprising one of the county's largest immigrant groups.〔Ann Bennett, (Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville and Knox County, Tennessee ), May 1994, p. E-26. Retrieved: 14 November 2011.〕 Albert Chavannes married fellow French Swiss immigrant Cecile Bolli in 1857, and the two settled down to a life of dairy farming.〔 One of Chavannes' earliest writings was an article entitled, "How Manure Is Made in Switzerland," published in the agricultural journal, ''The Cultivator'', in 1858.〔 This article was inspired by a trip Chavannes had made to his home country the previous year.〔Albert Chavannes, "(How Manure Is Made In Switzerland )," ''The Cultivator'', Vol. 6, No. 3 (March 1858), pp. 78-79.〕 During the Civil War, Chavannes supported the Confederacy. He was part of the citizens-guard that defended Knoxville from a raid by Union general William P. Sanders in June 1863, and later provided an account of this raid in his book, ''East Tennessee Sketches''.〔Albert Chavannes, "Saunders' Raid," ''East Tennessee Sketches'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: 1900), pp. 77-88.〕 In 1864, following the occupation of Knoxville by Union forces, Chavannes moved to Berkshire, New York, where he opened a woodworking shop.〔 His experiences in New York would later inspire his novel, ''Lizzie Melton, A Self-Reliant Girl''.〔Albert Chavannes, ''Lizzie Melton: A Self-Reliant Girl'', The Complete Works of Albert Chavannes, Vol. 2 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1900/1903), pp. ii-iii.〕 In 1870, he moved back to Knox County, where he established a new dairy farm in the Adair Creek area north of Knoxville.〔 Around the age of 40, Chavannes began questioning the religious traditions with which he was raised, his chief inspiration being the Theory of Evolution.〔Albert Chavannes, ''The Nature of the Mind'', The Complete Works of Albert Chavannes, Vol. 3 (Knoxville, Tenn.: 1898/1903), p. 1.〕 Between 1883 and 1885, Chavannes published a journal, ''The Sociologist''.〔 In the late 1880s, Chavannes began to theorize on emotional and sexual exchanges between humans, which he called "magnetism" (John William Lloyd, with whom Chavannes had been corresponding, later wrote that he had suggested the term to Chavannes).〔John William Lloyd, ''(The Karezza Method or Magnetation: The Art of Connubial Love )'' (1931), p. 5.〕 In 1888, Chavannes published his theories on magnetism in his book, ''Vital Force and Magnetic Exchange''. By the 1890s, Chavannes was exchanging ideas with socialists Lester Frank Ward and Edward Bellamy.〔Edward Rafferty, ''(Apostle of Human Progress: Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought )'' (Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group, 2003), p. 190.〕 In 1892, Chavannes published his first Socioland novel, ''The Future Commonwealth''. That year, Chavannes ran for the state legislature on the Populist ticket, but lost badly.〔Cecile Chavannes, "Canvassing the District," ''East Tennessee Sketches'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: 1900), p. 1.〕 His wife, Cecile, wrote an account of their canvassing trip across rural East Tennessee that was included in their book, ''East Tennessee Sketches''.〔 Chavannes wrote a non-fiction follow-up to ''The Future Commonwealth'' in 1893 entitled, ''The Concentration of Wealth'', and published his second Socioland novel, ''In Brighter Climes'', in 1895. He published several more works on magnetism in the late 1890s. Chavannes died in 1903, and is buried in the Spring Place Presbyterian Church Cemetery in northeast Knoxville.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Albert Chavannes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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